p-value
Definition
The probability of seeing data at least this extreme if the effect being tested were absent.
Not the probability that the hypothesis is true, and not a measure of effect size. A small p-value on a tiny effect in a large sample is a statement about sample size. Always read it next to the effect size and the confidence interval.
Where this comes up
Articles that define p-value in context.
Cross-domain
Reading a scientific paper you were never trained to read
A working order for reading a paper outside your field — figures first, abstract last — and the four questions that separate a supported claim from a plausible one.
Cross-domain
Which deep-science domain should you start with?
AI, nano and bio compared on the axes that decide it in practice: what you need to start, how fast the feedback comes, and whether you can practise without a facility.